Ancient Egypt
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by Anneke Bart
Ancient Egypt |
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by Anneke Bart
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Kings and Queens 4th dynasty Seneferu, Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure, Djedefre, etc. 11th dynasty Kings named Mentuhotep and Intef 12th dynasty Amenemhet I - IV, Senusret I-III 18th dynasty Amenhotep I-IV, Tuthmosis I-IV, Akhenaten, Tutankhamen, Aye, Horemheb, etc. 19th dynasty Sety I-II, Ramesses I-II, Merenptah, Amenmesses, Tawosret. 20th dynasty Sethnakht, Ramesses III Ramesses IV - XI 25th dynasty Alara, Kashta, Piye, Shabaka, Shabataka, Taharqa, Tanutamun, etc. Cleopatra VII Philopator Queens (D1-6)- Old Kingdom Queens (D11-13) Middle Kingd. Queens (D16-20)- New Kingdom Queens (D21-29)- Late Period Officials, Priesthood etc. Viziers (New Kingdom)
High Priests of Amun God's Wives of Amun High Priests of Ptah Viceroys of Nubia Who's who of New Kingdom 
Amarna Period Akhenaten
Queen Nefertiti inscriptions Queen Nefertiti. Queen Kiya Smenkhare Tutankhamen Tombs at Amarna Houses at Amarna Tombs: Valley
of the Kings,
Valley of the Queens Theban Tombs, Tombs at Abydos Tombs at El Kab Tombs in Aswan Early dynastic Saqqara New Kingdom Saqqara The Unis Cemetary Mastabas at the Giza Plateau Giza
Mastabas 1000 cemetary
Giza Mastaba 2000 cemetary Giza Mataba 2300 cemetary Giza Mastaba 4000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 5000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 6000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 7000 cemetary Mummy Caches Links |
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Pharaoh: Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) Ca 1976-1947 BC Horus name: Wehemmesut (Seheteptawy) Nebty name: Wehemmesut (Seheteptawy) Golden Falcon name: Wehemmesut (Zema) Prenomen: Sehetepibre Nomen: Amenemhat  Early part of reign: Horus Sehetepibtawy, Sehetepib-Re, Amenemhat  Later part of reign: Horus Wehemmesut, Sehetepib-Re, Amenemhat Burial place: Pyramid in Lisht Parents: Senwosret and Neferet I. Wives:
Daughters:
 Statue from the time of Amenemhat I. From the tomb of Meketre. Amenemhat may be the same individual who was Vizier under Mentuhotep. He is recognized
as the first king of the Twelfth Dynasty. Amenemhat moved the seat of
power from Thebes to a new city in the north named Itj-tawy(-Amenemhat)
which means '(Amenemhat is) seizer of the two lands'. The new capitol
is usually referred to as Itj-tawy, and
was probably located near the Nile in the area of Lisht. The center of
government would remain in
Itj-tawy for 400 years. The famous story
of Sinuhe is set in the time of Amenemhet I and Senusert I. The story
mentions specifically: "In year 30, third month of Inundation, day 7, the god attained his
horizon, the King of
Upper and Lower Egypt Sehetepebre. He flew to
heaven and was
united with the sun's disk; the flesh of the god was merged in him, who
made him. Then was the Residence hushed; hearts were filled with
mourning; the Great Portals were closed; the courtiers crouched head on
lap; the people grieved.
Building program: Bubastis: A dedication from Bubastis mentions that "he
made it as his monument for his mother Bast, making for her a gate.."
(Breasted) Itj-tawy: the new capitol in the North Tell
el-Qirqafa: A small pillared
temple was constructed between the reigns of Amenemhet I and Senusret
III. A granite entrance gate still exists today. Ezbet
Rushdi: A temple was founded
by Amenemhat I and expanded during the reign of Senusret III. This site
is located a little to the
North of Tell el-Daba. The temple was built according to common Middle
Kingdom designs. It had a small pillared court before a tripartite
sanctuary. The structure was made mainly from mud-brick with some stone
elements (doorways and colums for instance). Thebes: An inscription on the base of a shrine
records the fact that Amenemhet dedicated a pink granite shrine to "his
father" Amen-Re.  Pyramid at Lisht The
pyramid complex at Lisht This
complex is located between Dashur and Meidum, at Lisht. The mortuary
temple was destroyed in antiquity, but was built on a terrace cut into
a hill. This was influenced by the Theban styles developed by
Nebhepetre Mentuhotep from the 11th dynasty.
The metmuseum describes this
block: An
inscription by Intef (or possibly Sobeknakht, son of Intef) records an
expedition to the Hammamat, to bring stone.
Reign of Amenemhet Early in
the reign an
expedition is mentioned in which "20 ships of cedar" were engaged. This
expedition is mentioned by Khnumhotep, one of the nobles from Beni
Hasan. The Military expedition resulted in expelling a certain enemy
from Egypt. The enemy is never mentioned by name, but he may have been
one of the contenders for the throne. Mention is also made of military
campaigns agains the Asiatics and the Nubians in the inscriptions by
Khnumhotep. An
inscription by Nessumontu, a general, dated to year 24 and mentioning
Senusert I also mentions expeditions against the Asiatics. "I defeated
the Asian troglodytes, the sand-dwellers. I overthrew the strongholds
of the nomads as if they had never been." (Breasted) An
inscription at Korusko shows that the Nubian conquest had already begun
by year 29 of Amenemhet I.
Literature: At least two
pieces of literature dating to this time period are known to us: The Teachings
of Amenemhet. This text are
supposed to be the teachings of King Amenemhet and are for his son and
co-regent Senusert I. The text mentions the attempt on the King's life,
the coregency with Senusert I, the King's reorganization of Egypt, the
agricultural prosperity, the foreign conquests of Nubia and Asia, and
the building of a palace. The tale of
Sinuhe
The story relates how Sinuhe, who was a high ranking
noble, accompanied Senusert I on a campaign against the Bedwin in the 30th
year of King Amenemhet. After hearing about the death of the old King,
Sinuhe flees the country. The story relates his adventures and eventual
pardon by
Senusert I. A copy of the
text can be found here: http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/texts/sinuhe.htm Government
Antefiker, Vizier. Buried in mastaba near pyramid of Amenemhet I Khnumhotep I, Nomarch of the Orynx nome, Wearer of the royal seal, Judge, etc. Khnumhotep was the first of the powerful Beni Hasan nobles. His family would hold power for at least 4 generations. Buried in Tomb 14 in Beni Hasan. Sons: Amenemhat called Ameni, Nakht. His daughter Beket married the Vizier Nehri.  Riverboat model from the tomb of Meketre Meketre, Chancellor. Meketre was buried in TT280. The tomb is known for its many wooden models. Meketre’s 60-60 years of life are thought to span the reigns from Nebhepetre Mentuhotep to Amenemhat I. The tomb of Meketre’s servant named Wah was discovered in 1920.  Granary from the tomb of Wah Palace Officials Priesthood Sehetepebre-ankh High Priest of Ptah. Known from offering table from temple of Montu at Tod. Intef, Prince, Count, Wearer of the Royal Seal, Superior Prophet of Min, etc. Army Nessumontu, Military Commander. Known from a stela in the Louvre. The stela probably dates to year 24 of Amenemhat I and mentions Sesostris I, who is co-regent at this time. Nessumontu mentions fighting the Bedouin and other Asiatics. The tomb of the slain soldiers was found in Thebes in 1923. Tomb 507 in cemetery 500 yielded some 60 bodies. The soldiers showed signs of having died in battle. Some had arrow wounds, other head wounds caused by sling-shots or similar missiles. Bibliography / Suggested
Reading
(The descriptions come from the AEB site - usually the actual AEB description are much longer.) Allen, J.P., Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom, in: Studies Simpson, 1-26. (plans, fig.). The redating of the tomb of the "Overseer of the Seal" and "Chief Steward" Meket-re to the early years of Amenemhat I has provided a new benchmark for the art and history of the early M.K. [...] Altenmuller, H., Die Pyramiden der frühen 12. Dynastie, in: The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt. Studies Kákosy, 33-42. (table). Hirsch, E.N., Die Kultpolitik Amenemhets I. im Thebanischen Gau, in: Ägyptische Tempel - Struktur, Funktion und Programm, 137-142. (table). Considering the relationship to the Theban gods Amon and Month of Amenemhat I, whose reign is at the shift from the XIth to the XIIth Dynasty, the author shows the king to have largely pursued the cult politics of the XIth Dynasty worshipping Month as state god and supreme god of the capital Thebes. No doubt he maintained the cultic services in the Amon temple, but without especially favouring it. Politically, this attitude is well explainable for a usurper attempting to legitimize himself. It is evident that the rise of Amon-Re in Thebes started under Sesostris I. Obsomer, C., La date de Nésou-Montou (Louvre C1), RdE 44 (1993), 103-140. (fig.). Article about the coregency between Amenemhat I and Sesostris I. Farout, D., La carrière du wHmw Ameny et l'organisation des expéditions au ouadi Hammamat au Moyen Empire, BIFAO 94 (1994), 143-172. (pl.). Studying the career of the wHmw Ameny, who lived in the M.K. reigns of Amenemhat I and Sesostris I and was engaged in the organisation of expeditions to the Wadi Hammamat Janosi, Peter, Recent excavations of the Austrian Archaeological Institute at the village of 'Ezbet Helmi/Tell el-Qirqafanear Tell el-Dabca, in: Atti VI Congresso. I, 345-349. (plan). During recent excavations at Ezbet Helmi (Tell el-Qirqafa) near Tell el-Dab'a architectural parts of a building called DADAw (a palace?) of Amenemhat I were discovered. Obsomer, C., Sésostris Ier. Étude chronologique et historique du règne, Bruxelles, Connaissance de l’Égypte Ancienne, 1995 A comprehensive chronological and historical study of the reign of Sesostris I. [...] the relevant passages in the Instruction of Amenemhat I, which, according to some scholars, point to a failed murder plot before the alleged coregency, can be satisfactorily explained as referring to a planned official session in the palace, during which Amenemhat I would officially designate his eldest son Sesostris crown prince and successor. According to Obsomer, this was prevented by the successful murder of the king at the appropriate moment that the pretender was away on an expedition. Closer observation of the passages in the Instruction allows to discard any reference to a coregency. This is also fully confirmed by the Story of Sinuhe, the beginning of which accords well with the Instruction. The panic of Sinuhe cannot be satisfactorily explained by a normal death of the king. The official accession date of Sesostris I on the day following the death of Amenemhat I is confirmed by its anniversary, mentioned in the Berlin Leather Roll (Pap. Berlin 3029). Again, this date makes a real coregency with Sesostris I as second monarch impossible. [...] Tidyman, R.A.J., Further evidence of a Coup d’État at the End of Dynasty 11?, BACE 6 (1995), 103-110. The author reconsiders the evidence concerning the dynastic change at the end of the XIth Dynasty. He deals with its ephemeral last king, Mentuhotep IV Nebtawyre, who was overthrown by his vizier, the later Amenemhat I, the founder of the XIIth Dynasty, and suggests that the name of the new capital of Lisht (it(w)-tAwy) is making direct reference to this event. Cimmino, F., Sesostris. Storia del Medio Regno Egiziano, Milano, Rusconi, 1996 Chapter 4 covers Amenemhat I Bietak, M., Avaris, the Capital of the Hyksos. Recent Excavations at Tell el-Daba, London, Published by British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum, 1996. [...] The first Egyptian settlement was founded in the XIIth Dynasty by king Amenemhat I and shortly afterwards a workers’ town was established there (ch. 2). Szafranski, Z., The Djadjawy of the Palace of Amenemhat I at Tell el-Dab'a (DADAwy - aH - imn-m-HAt), Ägypten und Levante 8 (1998), 101-106. (fig.). The subject of this study is the meaning of the part of the inscription that deals with the term DADAwy. It occurs on a later reused monumental red granite portal of a building called DADAw(y) - aH - imn-m-HAt found at Ezbet Helmi and constructed under Amenemhat I. Last edited: January 2007 |
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Comments: email barta@slu.edu |
