<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Definition and examples</Text-field>

Let S = {v1, v2, ... } be a sequence (either finite or infinite) of vectors in either 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 or 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. S is a frame

if there are finite positive constants A and B so that

A * Norm( x, Euclidean)^2 < = DotProduct( v1, x )^2 + DotProduct(v2, x)^2 + ... <= B * Norm(x, Euclidean)^2

holds for every vector x in the space. The optimal constants (largest A, smallest B) are called the frame bounds.

If A = B, the frame is said to be tight.

<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Examples</Text-field>

1. Let S = {v1, v2}, where 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 and 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. Let x:= <a,b> be an arbitrary

vector in 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.

v1:=<sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2>; v2:=<-sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2>; x:=<a,b>;

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

Since:

FirstPart := Norm(x,Euclidean)^2;

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

and since:

SecondPart :=(v1.x)^2 + (v2.x)^2;

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

simplify(SecondPart);

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

It follows that S is a tight frame for 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 with frame bound of 1. 2. Let S = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, where 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, 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, 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, and 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.

Let 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 be an arbitrary vector in 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.

restart: with(LinearAlgebra): v1:=<1,0>; v2:=<0,1>; v3:=<sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2>; v4:=<-sqrt(2)/2, sqrt(2)/2>; x:=<a,b>;

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

Since:

Norm(x,Euclidean)^2;

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

and since:

(v1.x)^2 + (v2.x)^2 + (v3.x)^2 + (v4.x)^2;

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

simplify(%);

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

it follows that S is a tight frame for 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 with frame bound equal to 2.

3. Let S = { v1, v2, v3}, where 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, 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, and 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. S is a frame for 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, but

is not tight. Its lower frame bound is 1 and its upper frame bound is 6. We won't calculate the frame bounds directly (more on this in a minute), but we will verify that there are two vectors x1 and x2 for which

(v1.x1)^2 + (v2.x1)^2 + (v3.x1)^2 = Norm(x1,Euclidean)^2 and

(v1.x2)^2 + (v2.x2)^2 + (v3.x2)^2 = 6 Norm(x2, Euclidean)^2.

Let 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 and let 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

restart: with(LinearAlgebra): v1:=<1,0>:v2:=<0,1>:v3:=<1,2>: x1:=<-2,1>:x2:=<1,2>:

First calculate the norms of the two vectors x1 and x2:

Norm(x1, Euclidean)^2; Norm(x2, Euclidean)^2;

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

Then tally up the squares of the inner products:

(v1.x1)^2+(v2.x1)^2+(v3.x1)^2;